A close-up view of a burned down rice field in Indonesia, showing charred crop residues after an open-fire method of stubble burning for natural fertilization

burned rice field charred crop residues stubble burning indonesia agriculture farming natural fertilizer fire openfire environmental impact landscape ash farmland traditional method smoke cultivation postharvest fieldwork organic farming rural life ecofriendly environment crop management southeast asia nature agronomy farm practice countryside farming techniques agricultural practices soil enrichment field burning charred stubble stubble management burnt crops rural agriculture rice farming sustainable smoke impact field residue harvest aftermath